Overwintering and Early Season Amplification of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Southeastern United States
نویسندگان
چکیده
....................................................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 References ..........................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER ONE: Detection of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus RNA in North American Snakes .....................................................................................................................20 Note to Reader ...................................................................................................................20 Abstract ..............................................................................................................................20 Introduction ........................................................................................................................21 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................22 Results ................................................................................................................................25 Discussion ..........................................................................................................................27 Tables and Figures .............................................................................................................31 References ..........................................................................................................................35 CHAPTER TWO: Field Investigations of Winter Transmission of Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus in Florida ....................................................................................................39 Abstract ..............................................................................................................................39 Introduction ........................................................................................................................39 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................42 Study Sites .............................................................................................................42 Mosquito Collection...............................................................................................42 Detection of Virus in Mosquito Pools ...................................................................43 Blood Meal Analysis..............................................................................................44 Avian Surveys ........................................................................................................46 Data Analysis .........................................................................................................46 Results ................................................................................................................................47 Mosquito Collections .............................................................................................47 Blood Meal Analysis Winter Months ..................................................................48 Host Utilization by Culex erraticus .......................................................................50 Host Utilization Summer and Winter Comparison..............................................51 Discussion ..........................................................................................................................52 Tables and Figures .............................................................................................................57 References ..........................................................................................................................65
منابع مشابه
Molecular Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, New York
Perpetuation, overwintering, and extinction of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) in northern foci are poorly understood. We therefore sought to describe the molecular epidemiology of EEEV in New York State during current and past epizootics. To determine whether EEEV overwinters, is periodically reintroduced, or both, we sequenced the E2 and partial NSP3 coding regions of 42 EEEV isolate...
متن کاملTracking eastern equine encephalitis virus perpetuation in the northeastern United States by phylogenetic analysis.
Epidemics and epizootics of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) occur sporadically in temperate regions where transmission is seasonal from late summer to early fall. These outbreaks may derive from virus that overwinters locally or perhaps results from reintroduction of virus from other sites. To evaluate these possibilities, we compared the phylogenetic relationships of EEEV isolates obt...
متن کاملA dynamic transmission model of eastern equine encephalitis virus.
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is one of several arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) endemic to the United States. Interactions between arthropod (mosquito) vectors and avian amplification host populations play a significant role in the dynamics of arboviral transmission. Recent data have suggested the hypothesis that an increased rate of successful feeding on young-of-the-year (YOY...
متن کاملSleeping Sickness Wakes Again
Sleeping sickness of horses was, as reeentiy as the IQSO's, the most devastating livestock disease in the United States. Horses died by the hundreds of thousands in the Midwestern United States, in California, and along the Atlantic seaboard at a period which coincided with the beginning of the sharp decline in the use of horses on the farm. Losses were so severe in some areas that the inevitab...
متن کاملWest Nile Virus and Other Arboviral Diseases — United States, 2013
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes and ticks. West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of domestically acquired arboviral disease in the United States. However, several other arboviruses also cause sporadic cases and seasonal outbreaks of neuroinvasive disease (i.e., meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid par...
متن کامل